MicroRNA in Human Diseases: Molecular Mechanisms, Diagnostic Applications, and Therapeutic Potential

Abstract

The family of naturally occurring short non-coding RNA molecules that range in size from 18 to 25 nucleotides are known as microRNAs (miRNAs) and is involved in post-transcriptional gene regulation. Short messenger RNAs (miRNAs) have become crucial regulators of various biological processes since their discovery. These include metabolism, cell growth and maturation, immune system functioning, and programmed cell death. Abnormalities in miRNA expression have been associated with multiple human diseases such as cancer, cardiovascular disease, neurological disease, and chronic kidney disease. Recent developments in molecular biology and high-throughput sequencing have greatly aided our understanding of miRNA function and their role in disease pathogenesis. Furthermore, miRNAs in circulation show tremendous potential in the diagnosis, prognosis, and evaluation of therapeutic efficacy of diseases. Therapeutic strategies that target biological circuits associated with diseases have attracted a great deal of interest because of miRNA mimics and inhibitors. While recent progress has been made, safety, side effects, and efficiency issues are still major concerns that need to be resolved. This study provides a brief overview of the fundamental mechanisms for miRNA biogenesis and action. It also explores the role they play in numerous human diseases, diagnostic and therapeutic applications, and potential future applications in clinical translation.